List of Independent Operating Systems

salam

any Operating System should be Independent or based on some other OS
here below is a list of Independent OSes:

• Fedora
• openSUSE
• Gentoo Linux
• PCLinuxOS
• Puppy
• Mandriva Linux
• CentOS
• Tiny Core Linux
• Arch Linux
• Slackware Linux
• Debian GNU/Linux
• FreeBSD

Linux distros Timeline
Mobile_operating_system
MeeGo vs androi
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

http://www.red-mercury.com/mmceo/mmceo_current.html

GRUB 2 recovery

hi

sometime you install windows (or any other operating system) and loose your linux grub
i tell you how to do this with GRUB2

1)Boot from LiveCD Desktop (ubuntu 9.10 or 10.4 or later 32 or 64 bit)
2)Open a terminal by selecting Applications, Accessories, Terminal from the menu bar.
3)Determine the partition with the Ubuntu installation.
        sudo fdisk -l

output is omething like this :

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1        3225    25904781    7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2            3226        9730    52244789    f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5            3226        6325    24900718+   7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda6            6326        6568     1951866   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda7            6569        8028    11720704   83  Linux
/dev/sda8            8028        9730    13670400   83  Linux 

my linux is on sda7 partition 

4)Mount the partition containing the Ubuntu installation.

        sudo mount /dev/sda7   /mnt 

5)The below command will reinstall the GRUB 2 files on the 
mounted partition to the proper location and to the MBR of the 
designated device. 

        sudo grub-install  --root-directory=/mnt/    /dev/sda

6)Reboot and enjoy

Best Linux Download Managers

hi
what do you think . what is the best Linux Download Manager?
let me name some of them and tell some of their features .
let me name some of them an share my experince of using them with you (it may be helpful)

[FlashGot is very good firefox plug-in]

1.Wxdownloadfast (also known as wxDFast) -multi-threaded
2. Multiget   (?)
3.Downloader for X (d4x) (good)
4.FatRat (bad)
5.GWget (frontend to wget) : (simple)

6.ProzGUI (old)
7.Uget
8. Jdownloader


refrences :
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/list-of-download-managers-available-in-ubuntu.html
http://www.unixmen.com/linux-tutorials/303-five-best-download-managers-for-linux
http://www.linuxcrunch.com/content/uget-my-best-download-manager
http://www.ubuntugeek.com/list-of-download-managers-available-in-ubuntu.html

Install 64 bit firefox flash player plugin

hi guys

i wanna say how to install flash player plug-in for Mozilla in  64 bit Linux-es (32 bit versions should be easy!!!)

1. Download flash player from here. (if it does'nt worked try this page)
file name :libflashplayer-10.0.45.2.linux-x86_64.so.tar.gz

2.unpackage it with any method you know :
- R-Click on the file then choose Extract Here .
- with terminal : got to directory when the file is and then type :
tar xvzf [file name]

3.Create a plugin directory in your $HOME (instead of a system directory) if it's NOT :

cd ~ //HOME
mkdir -p .mozilla/plugins

4. Move the file to the plugin directory:
mv Desktop/libflashplayer.so .mozilla/plugins




5. Restart firefox. Go to about:plugins to see if it’s enabled:

add babylon dictionaries to starDict

how to add babylon dictionaries to starDict :

1) stardict look for dictionary in the following directories
    /usr/share/stardict/dic
    ~/.stardict/dic
2)you can convert your dictionaries by following tools
    -stardict-editor
    -stardict-tool

Run bin files in Linux

Run bin files in Linux

1)Enter the shell (CLI)[Application->accessories->Terminal]
and go to your bin file directory using cd command

cd hint:
cd Desktop/
cd prog/
#cd - will return to upper directory
#cd ~ will return to home directory
#cd D [pressing tab] will complete the rest of file or folder name if existing

2)change the file mode by chmod command:
chmod +x  bin_file_name.bin

3)Execute bin file
./bin_file_name.bin

4)enjoy it!!!

Linux FSH (file system hierarchy)

Linux FSH (file system hierarchy)

< / > pronounce root -
everything starts from root

- boot file
.(linux kernel included-vmlinuz)

- The configuration files for the Linux system
    /etc/inittab - describes processes are started at system bootup and during normal operation
    /etc/fstab   - information about the file systems and their mount points, like cdroms
    /etc/passwd  - users account information. This is where the users are defined.

- contain programs for the system (binaries, hence the directory's name)
    /bin     : programs that the system needs to operate
    /usr/bin : applications for the system's users

- system administration programs
    you must run these programs as the root user.

- user applications and source codes, and pictures, docs, or config files
    /usr/doc    : Documentation for the user apps, in many file formats.

    /usr/share  : Config files and graphics for many user apps.

    /usr/src    : Source code files for the system's software, including the Linux kernel.

    /usr/include: Header files for the C compiler.A subdirectory contains C++  headers.

    /usr/X11R6  : The X Window System and things for it.

- This is where you install apps and other files for use on the local machine.
    If your machine is a part of a network, the /usr directory may physically be on
    another machine and can be shared by many networked Linux workstations.
    On this kind of a network, the /usr/local  directory contains only stuff that is not
    supposed to be used on many machines and is intended for use at the local machine only.

  - The shared libraries for programs that are dynamically linked.

- This is where users keep their personal files.Every user has their directory under /home

- The superuser's (root's) home directory.

  - Contains variable data that changes constantly when the system is running.
    /var/log   : Contains system log files.
    /var/mail  : Incoming and outgoing mail is stored in this directory.
    /var/spool : Contains files that are queued for some process, like printing.

  - Programs can write their temporary files here.

  - The devices that are available to a Linux system.devices are treated like files

- bunch of numbered entries that correspond to all processes running on the system

- files Linux restores after a system crash or when
    a partition hasn't been unmounted before a system shutdown.

  - This directory is used for mount points.NOT in Debian and SuSE.

Add bootSplash to Linux GRUB

hi
today i wanna tell you howto Add bootSplash to Linux GRUB

1)Create or download a splash image
2)open a terminal window (Application->Accessories->Terminal)
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
3)Add below lines to the menu.lst before the titles and then save it
splashimage=(hd0,7)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
#hiddenmenu //add this line if you wanna hide menu

hd0,7 means on the 1st hard drive(hd) on the 8th partition.
you can get info about this by fdisk -l command in Terminal or by Disk utility in (Seytem->Administration) menu

Good Luck